In racing stock cars this happens frequently, because it's not like diving on the street, or drag strip. The cooling system is run to the max all the time, and any small problem shows up immediately.
I've overheated my cars much worse than you did, and the areas that may show damage are frequently piston, cylinder bore, and ring damage, because your swelling them in the bore and increasing the drag on the piston and rings. If you damaged either badly, it will show up when you resume driving it normally. I've also gotten the engine so hot that the decks of the forged pistons deformed, and one completely collapsed with a hole through it. From your description, you never even got close to that point. Forged pistons usually tolerate overheating better than cast pistons do.
There is no doubt that you took some life off the engine parts, but if you have no increased blow by in the crankcase you probably dodged a bullet. Every incident of overheating will loose some ring tension, and the ability for the rings to seal against the cylinder wall. If you want to do a compression test, or a leakdown test, it may show any deviation for one particular cylinder. If you have fairly balanced results within normal range you're probably going to be fine from this point forward.
If you have some low cylinders with either test, a bore scope would probably reveal and damage within the suspected cylinder.
Get that oil out of there immediately, it may have gotten hot enough to change the molecular structure, and lost it's ability to lubricate the internal parts properly.
If you run into this problem again, you can flood the outside of the radiator with water from a hose, or bucket to bring the temp down quickly. However with the fan belt off your not going to be able to use that method until the fan is spinning. Frequently used method after the cars come off the track to bring the temp down and let the tension come back to the fasteners, and other parts under tension.
I hope some of this info helps you.............
Good luck with the results.